Just curious, other than looking for changes in the mirror, are there any other indicators that would tell me it’s working? I only ask because on SLU I felt a noticeable difference in my endurance during cardio sessions… On Tirz, my appetite tanks… Beta Alanine makes the fingers tingle.. Know what I’m sayin? A

My friend's 72 year old mother had a stroke a year ago and recently tried ketones (not the kind you recommend, but the one pictured) and her aides said it made her difficult and anxious. I'm curious as to why or how this could do that. Do you think she needed a smaller dose to start with or is the electrolytes in this formulation the cause of throwing her off balance?

Hi Anthony, I recently saw this rodent study done by Ben Bikman's lab on BHB and 1,3 BD. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/4/675 This study found: "1,3 BD induces significant hepatic stress characterized by ATP depletion, oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation. These results align with and extend recent findings by Ari and D’Agostino demonstrating formulation-dependent hepatic outcomes of chronic ketone supplementation, where ketone salts preserved liver health while BD-based ketone esters and precursors drove inflammation and steatosis" What are your thoughts on their findings? Does their study design bias the outcome? Are there similar studies that show that 1,3 BD is neutral in its effects? Does KineticPro or KE4 use ketones that are different than what was studied here? (It looks the same to my naive and uninformed eyes, so that's why I'm asking.)

The argument that mixed peptides are stable simply because a chromatography test showed high purity after 30 days does not hold up under basic principles of chemistry, molecular biology, or analytical science. The claim relies entirely on HPLC purity results, but HPLC only measures retention time and peak area. It does not prove that the molecular structure of a peptide is unchanged. A peptide can undergo oxidation, racemization, conformational changes, or aggregation and still appear as the same peak on a chromatogram. For example, oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide changes the molecule chemically but often produces little or no shift in retention time. This means a sample can still appear 99% pure on HPLC even though part of the peptide population has been chemically altered. Detecting these types of structural changes requires more advanced techniques such as LC-MS/MS, peptide mapping, circular dichroism, NMR spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis, or dynamic light scattering. None of those analyses were performed, so the conclusion that the peptides remained fully intact cannot be supported. Another major issue is the chemistry of copper and oxidation. When a copper-containing peptide such as GHK-Cu is mixed with other peptides, copper ions can catalyze oxidative reactions. Copper can participate in redox cycling that produces reactive oxygen species, which can oxidize amino acid side chains such as methionine, cysteine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine. Methionine oxidation in particular is one of the most well-known stability problems in peptide drug formulation and pharmaceutical companies spend enormous resources preventing it. Even very small amounts of copper can catalyze these reactions, and the changes they produce may not be visible on a standard purity test. There is also the issue of peptide aggregation, which is governed by basic protein physics. Peptides in solution do not exist as isolated molecules. They constantly interact with water and with each other through hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and metal-mediated coordination. When multiple peptides are placed in the same solution, these interactions can create oligomers, aggregates, or misfolded complexes. Aggregation can dramatically change biological activity and receptor binding, yet aggregated peptides often still appear pure during chromatography testing because the test does not necessarily distinguish between properly folded and aggregated structures.

@Anthony Castore I have a selfish question for a client of mine: how would you approach someone who has a hard time putting on muscle? For example: 6’1 22yo male, lean (but with a history or being overweight as a kid), and wants to be a bodybuilder. Blood work is good, test is 650-750 depending on season, behaviors and habits are in line with overall health and performance. Right now he’s taking spirulina+chlorella, BodyBio PC+Resolvin, Raw Materials (fulvic+humic acid), C60, SilverFern Postbiotic+ (l-lysine butyrate, BetaVita, Immuse), and glutathione. He’s still young, so I’m hesitant to start him on any enhancements, but he really wants to accelerate his progress (goal is IFBB Pro). We’re heading into a big growth season (spring/summer), so training and nutrition will be increasing soon to take advantage of the natural environment, as will lifestyle (lots of outside time under the sun). I just wanted to pick your brain a bit (if you’re okay with that), to see how you would think about the situation and what you believe are the limiting/underlying factors in someone who has trouble adding muscle mass. I really respect your knowledge and the ways you approach problems. I appreciate any response 🙏🏼