Download a free chapter from our forthcoming book, The Vital Being. Go to the classroom here: https://www.skool.com/hololife-academy/classroom/5817d6fb?md=deb55c827a554f03b0a0809c88a24872 🔑 The Core 9 Hallmarks (López-Otín, 2013) 1. Genomic instability – DNA damage from ROS, replication errors, toxins. 2. Telomere attrition – Chromosome shortening leading to senescence. 3. Epigenetic alterations – Disrupted DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling. 4. Loss of proteostasis – Protein misfolding/aggregation (e.g., Alzheimer’s). 5. Deregulated nutrient sensing – Overactive mTOR/insulin vs. protective AMPK, sirtuins. 6. Mitochondrial dysfunction – Declining ATP, mtDNA mutations, oxidative stress. 7. Cellular senescence – Accumulation of pro-inflammatory “zombie cells.” 8. Stem cell exhaustion – Reduced regenerative capacity. 9. Altered intercellular communication – Inflammaging and impaired immunosurveillance. 🚀 Expanded Hallmarks (2021–2023) - Dysbiosis – Gut microbiome imbalance driving systemic inflammation. - Chronic inflammation – Persistent cytokine activity (IL-6, CRP). - Disabled autophagy – Failure to clear damaged proteins/organelles. - ECM stiffening – AGE cross-links reduce tissue elasticity. - Altered mechanical properties – Mechanobiological decline in tissue resilience. - Cellular enlargement – Senescent hypertrophic cells with impaired function. - Splicing dysregulation – RNA processing errors linked to cancer and metabolic disease.