Thank you for allowing me here, in your group. It is a pleasure to be here. I might be a bit away from the scientists. However, energy is a business as any other, and therefore, we can´t hide behind the "better future" phrases. The main interest of the market players is either to earn or save money. And that´s exactly where my mission starts.

Course practice 1.35 This course, with its Python exercise, allows you to visualise 10 years of global trends and developments in clean energy production by major region (Africa, China, Europe, etc.). 1/ World 2/ Africa The improvements are clear to see!

A new report has been published and examines why the prices of copper increased in 2025. Copper is a metal which is used a lot in energy. It is essential for electricity systems and it is used in wiring, motors, and many machines and in Renewable energy systems and electric vehicles. Copper is central to electrification: it is used across clean-energy technologies, and grid expansion. If copper gets more expensive, power grids, renewable projects, electric vehicles, and data centres can cost more. Sharing also a slide about copper supply (source: LSEG) ---------------------------- You can access all energy reports by clicking the 'Classroom' menu and navigating to Section 6.2. These reports have been created using the sources below (Financial Times, etc), along with my comments , all written in simple, beginner-friendly language. If you have any questions feel free to ask. By the way these sources below, all request you to subscribe to read their articles. But you don't need to subscribe because you get all the necessary content by simply reading the reports that I publish and which you can find in Classroom section 6.2. Why read these reports: they are very helpful when you find yourself in discussions related to energy or economics. It displays market awareness. How to read these reports: one read is sufficient. They are written very simply. Also, for any questions feel free to message me. [1]: Financial Times: https://www.ft.com/content/29bc6bce-7188-43f2-9f15-6894cf7aa754 [2]: Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-11-07/copper-s-huge-tariff-bet-is-back-as-traders-bid-for-us-supplies? [3]: Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/finance/commodities-futures/copper-is-2025s-hottest-commodity-c7c21ec4

- Here we analyse, using simple beginner-friendly language, a research paper which focuses on the topic of Energy investments. No need for you to memorize anything. It is enough to read it once and get the main idea. It is considered very valuable at workplace to be informed about research topics - this is why it is strongly recommended to have a quick read. - You can find more than 250 such analyses in the Classroom --> section 6.1 and section 6.4. - Downloadable resource is attached down below (scroll down to download the full paper). No need to read the full paper because below you can find the key points written in beginner-friendly language. - Title of the research paper: Optimal investment decision for photovoltaic projects in China: a real options method - Citation: Zhu, X., & Liao, B. (2023). Optimal investment decision for photovoltaic projects in China: a real options method. Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, 46, 30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10878-023-01096-5 Introduction to Solar Investment Challenges Renewable energy is essential for fixing climate change and reducing pollution. Solar photovoltaic projects, often called PV projects, are a popular way to generate clean electricity. However, building these solar projects is expensive and it takes a long time to make the money back. Because the cost of technology is dropping and government rules on electricity prices keep changing, investors find it hard to know exactly when to spend their money. This paper looks at how uncertainty makes it difficult for investors to choose the best time to build solar projects in China. The Problem with Traditional Financial Models Investors usually use a method called Net Present Value to decide if a project is worth money. This method works well when everything is certain, but it fails when the future is unpredictable. Solar projects have many unknowns, and once the money is spent, it cannot be recovered. To fix this, the authors use a method called Real Options. This approach treats a physical investment like a financial option, giving the investor the right, but not the obligation, to invest now or wait until later when conditions might be better.

Predicting the future of energy (literature) In France, the Defense Red Team for the Ministry of the Armed Forces publishes science fiction stories that are accessible to all, offering a new way of looking at energy and geopolitical issues. Are there any current science fiction stories, scenarios, about energy in other countries? Stories written by science fiction authors who are members of a state-affiliated circle?