I was at a conference about future energy technologies, which will be commercialised by 2100: a) Fusion: Nuclear fusion will have matured into a commercially viable, near-limitless source of clean baseload power. Commercial nuclear fusion could provide virtually limitless, clean baseline power by replicating the physical processes that power the sun. This breakthrough would effectively eliminate our reliance on fossil fuels and permanently stabilize the global energy grid. b) Batteries lasting years: Advanced, ultra-dense energy storage, potentially utilizing next-generation solid-state or quantum battery architectures, could allow personal electronics to run for years on a single charge. This leap will eliminate daily charging anxiety entirely and drastically reduce global battery waste. c) Multi-foldable phones: Thanks to hyper-flexible materials like graphene, communication devices will become as pliable as paper, allowing us to roll, wrap, or fold them into any shape. This will effectively blur the lines between smartphones, smartwatches, and smart clothing, making screens an ambient part of our wardrobe. d) Renewables everywhere: Massive leaps in grid-scale energy storage will eliminate the intermittency of solar and wind, allowing us to capture and store vast amounts of surplus energy. This will enable a fully decentralized, globally connected grid powered almost exclusively by renewable sources, regardless of weather conditions. e) High-endurance drones: Powered by those same next-generation batteries, autonomous drone fleets could stay airborne for weeks at a time over cities. These persistent aerial networks will handle everything from instant logistics and heavy human transport (air taxis) to continuous emergency response and environmental monitoring. f) Autonomous, Self-Charging EVs: Electric vehicles will become fully autonomous mobile power banks that wirelessly charge themselves while driving over smart, electrified roads. When parked, they will automatically sync with the local grid via advanced vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology to power homes and balance neighborhood energy loads.

In the interview , for a company (energy investments / commodities) a panel of 3 interviewers asked me the following during a discussion . Panel: Let's talk about some important Python details. It's ok if you don't remember things. Just an approximate answer will be fine for us. So, in Python, what is the difference between a List comprehension and a Generator expression. In a few words... Correct answer: A generator expression is like a list comprehension, except that it doesn't store the list in memory. Panel: Give some example . Write here in the tablet. Answer: list comprehension: simulated_returns = [price * volatility for price in historical_data] portfolio_value = sum(simulated_returns) generator: simulated_returns = (price * volatility for price in historical_data) portfolio_value = sum(simulated_returns)

Below is part of some consultancy work I completed recently and sharing a few key ideas: Renewable energy is growing but fossil fuels are still growing too, so the system is adding rather than replacing. Oil and gas will remain important for a long time, so new investment in fossil‑fuel supply and infrastructure (pipelines, power plants, refineries, and other big long‑lasting equipment) will still be needed. If clean energy supply grows faster than total demand for long enough, clean energy first covers new demand and then starts replacing fossil fuels. If clean energy supply keeps outgrowing demand by a few percentage points for decades, fossil fuels will eventually be squeezed out. Real replacement of fossil fuels, not just adding clean energy, is not guaranteed. Most likely we will see 'addition' and co-existence of fuels. This is because the demand is keep rising more and more eg due to AI etc. See the plot .

Massive investments in AI infrastructure. See attached image. a) How will this affect investments in the Energy Sector ? b) How will this affect demand for data scientists/ Software Engineers in Energy Sector? c) What salary ranges in the Energy Sector do we expect e.g. increase/ decrease etc? d) Which regions do you foresee maximum growth ?

- Here we analyse, using simple beginner-friendly language, a research paper which focuses on the topic of Energy investments. No need for you to memorize anything. It is enough to read it once and get the main idea. It is considered very valuable at workplace to be informed about research topics - this is why it is strongly recommended to have a quick read. - You can find more than 250 such analyses in the Classroom --> section 6.1 and section 6.4. - Downloadable resource is attached down below (scroll down to download the full paper). No need to read the full paper because below you can find the key points written in beginner-friendly language. - Title of the research paper: Optimal investment decision for photovoltaic projects in China: a real options method - Citation: Zhu, X., & Liao, B. (2023). Optimal investment decision for photovoltaic projects in China: a real options method. Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, 46, 30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10878-023-01096-5 Introduction to Solar Investment Challenges Renewable energy is essential for fixing climate change and reducing pollution. Solar photovoltaic projects, often called PV projects, are a popular way to generate clean electricity. However, building these solar projects is expensive and it takes a long time to make the money back. Because the cost of technology is dropping and government rules on electricity prices keep changing, investors find it hard to know exactly when to spend their money. This paper looks at how uncertainty makes it difficult for investors to choose the best time to build solar projects in China. The Problem with Traditional Financial Models Investors usually use a method called Net Present Value to decide if a project is worth money. This method works well when everything is certain, but it fails when the future is unpredictable. Solar projects have many unknowns, and once the money is spent, it cannot be recovered. To fix this, the authors use a method called Real Options. This approach treats a physical investment like a financial option, giving the investor the right, but not the obligation, to invest now or wait until later when conditions might be better.