Icicles Ensheathe a Number of Puzzles: Just How Does the Water Freeze? by Jearl Walker, May, 1988 issue of The Amateur Scientist Icicles look like simple frozen drips, but they hide a surprising amount of unsolved physics. Why does every icicle taper to a tip just a few millimeters wide? Why is there a liquid-filled tube running up the center that you can probe with a toothpick? What causes the white line down the middle, the evenly spaced ribs along the sides, the spots where the ice turns spongy enough to push a knife into, or the twists and spikes that some icicles develop? Researchers like Maeno and Takahashi, Hatakeyama and Nemoto, Makkonen, and Knight have traced answers to some of these questions, tying icicle shape to the freezing physics of pendent drops, supercooled water sheaths, dendritic ice growth, and even the crystal orientation revealed by slicing icicles under crossed polarizing filters. But plenty of open questions remain: what sets the length of the internal ice tube, what determines rib spacing, how do wind, impurities, or ambient humidity reshape growth, and how does an icicle's structure depend on temperature and water supply. That's what makes this a genuine citizen-science opportunity: no lab required, just icicles, a toothpick, a camera, and curiosity. Anyone with icicles hanging from their own roof this winter can run a real experiment, add colored water or salt, photograph growth every few minutes, or slice a specimen for polarized light and contribute observations to questions professional researchers haven't fully answered yet.