Vitamin D is one of the most widely taken supplements in the world, and one of the most commonly misused. The standard recommendation of 400 to 800 IU per day was set by the Institute of Medicine based on skeletal health outcomes — preventing rickets and osteomalacia — not on the broader roles vitamin D plays in immune function, metabolic health, and disease prevention.
There is a Vanderbilt study showing that magnesium essentially regulates vitamin D levels — it raises them when they're low and lowers them when they're high, and without sufficient magnesium, your body can't efficiently convert vitamin D into its active forms regardless of how much you take.
Vitamin K2 and vitamin A are also important cofactors that most people overlook. The takeaway is straightforward: stop guessing your dose and start testing. Get your 25(OH)D measured, identify where you actually fall, account for your individual factors, and retest after making changes.
95% of people of magnesium and vitamin D deficient. So it is important to make sure you address these issues!