In prompt engineering, there are specific components that separate a great prompt from a mediocre one. Planning works the same way. Most people write to-do lists and call them plans. A real plan is a model of reality that produces a specific outcome under specific conditions. Here are the 10 components that make it work. 1 Objective The single outcome the plan exists to produce. Not a list of things to do — one measurable end state. If you cannot write it in one sentence, the plan is not scoped yet. Everything else in the plan exists to serve this one thing. 2 Constraints What the plan must not violate. Time, budget, tools, dependencies, non-negotiables. Constraints defined upfront prevent the mid-execution pivots that collapse a plan entirely. A plan without constraints is a wish with steps attached. 3 Context What is true right now that the plan has to account for. The current state of the system, the environment, relationships, known blockers. A plan built without context is not a plan — it is a guess formatted to look like one. 4 Assumptions What you are treating as true but have not yet verified. Explicit assumptions are recoverable when they turn out to be wrong. Implicit assumptions are landmines — they detonate mid-execution when you least expect them. Write them down. Every one of them. 5 Sequenced steps Ordered actions with clear dependencies — not a flat list, but a chain where each step has a defined input and a defined output. The sequence is what makes a plan executable instead of just readable. If the order does not matter, you do not have steps, you have a checklist. 6 Decision points Forks in the path where the next action depends on an outcome. Good plans identify these in advance so you are not improvising under pressure when reality diverges. If your plan has no decision points, you are assuming the path is linear. It never is. 7 Success criteria How you know each step is complete, and how you know the whole plan is done. Without this, "done" is subjective and execution drifts. Criteria must be observable — something you can point to and verify, not something you feel your way toward.