Heartwood:
The innermost layer, primarily composed of dead xylem cells, provides structural support for the tree.
Sapwood (Xylem):
Surrounding the heartwood, this layer transports water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the tree.
Cambium:
A thin, living layer between the sapwood and the inner bark. It produces new xylem (sapwood) and phloem (inner bark) cells, enabling the tree to grow in diameter.
Phloem (Inner Bark):
This layer transports sugars produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the tree.
Outer Bark:
The outermost layer, providing protection against the external environment, including weather, pests, and diseases.