Year-End KSE-100 Index Levels 2020: 43,755 points (+7.4%) 2021: 44,596 points (+1.9%) 2022: 40,420 points (-9.4%) 2023: 62,451 points (+54.5%) 2024: 115,127 points (+84.3%) 2025: 174,054 points (+51.2%) From 2020 to 2025, the KSE-100 Index increased by more than four times, delivering exceptional returns to investors. However, it is important to remember that past performance does not guarantee future results. Markets is inherently unpredictable Even highly reputable and fundamentally strong companies can experience periods of declining earnings, business challenges, or share price losses due to economic conditions, industry cycles, regulatory changes, or unexpected events. The key question is: How should we analyze the market today to estimate future returns, rather than simply relying on the extraordinary gains achieved in the past?