Information - in physics and economics
This might seem well off-topic, but I think there is a strong underlying connection with economics. Two slightly-rebellious physicists make a case for the treatment of information as being fundamentally missing in current physics. During my career as a signal-processing engineer, I’d often thought the same. But in my part of that discipline, information always had the context of a human source and sink - so subjectivity was giving the raw, bit-based Shannon-measure its meaning, via an interpretation of human significance and purpose. See the Aeon article ‘Is information a fundamental force in the universe’ with 10-minute video at https://aeon.co/videos/a-radical-reimagining-of-physics-puts-information-at-its-centre and the Quanta article ‘Why Everything in the Universe Turns More Complex’ at https://www.quantamagazine.org/why-everything-in-the-universe-turns-more-complex-20250402/ Both Lee Smolin and Ilya Prigogine have argued for a reinterpretation of the role of time in physics, but not from an informational standpoint. For sure, the 2nd law of thermodynamics in a closed system demands a decrease in order with time. Yet the history of both the universe and of the life in it deals with open systems, and rather obviously is characterised by the exact opposite process - an increase of order over time. That’s what these two physicists suggest should extend physics, through finding another route to reach significance without requiring subjectivity, via what they describe as a functional sub-set of information in its Shannon-measure. I’d say the link with economics comes through the processes that the various schools of orthodox economics (Physiocrats likely excepted) have devised to move from observation of an individual trade or exchange to an overall, aggregated description of a whole sector or an entire economy. I’m thinking of things (at the macro level) such as: