10d • 🏟️ The Main Stage
The Etymology of the Courts
1. COURT
Aramaic/Hebrew:
qārā — to call, summon
kārṭā — enclosure, walled assembly
Latin:
cohors — courtyard of a temple or ruler
Modern Legal Meaning:
A summoned assembly inside a sovereign’s enclosed jurisdiction.
2. BAR
Aramaic/Hebrew:
paroket — the veil separating temple courts
Latin:
barra — barrier, gate
Modern Legal Meaning:
A jurisdictional veil separating the public from the priestly/legal class.
3. BENCH / BANC
Aramaic/Hebrew:
mizbe’ach — raised altar platform
Latin:
bancus — raised table; banking table
Modern Legal Meaning:
The judge’s elevated seat of authority and commercial valuation.
4. JUDGE
Aramaic/Hebrew:
dayyan — divine adjudicator
shaphat — one who decides, governs
Greek/Latin:
iudex — one who “speaks the law” (jus + dicere)
Modern Legal Meaning:
Administrator of jurisdiction, valuation, and issuance of orders (commercial instruments).
5. ATTORNEY
Aramaic/Hebrew (conceptual):
shaliach — delegate, agent
Latin:
attornare — to turn over, transfer, assign
Modern Legal Meaning:
A mediator who “turns” a man into the PERSON and transfers him into Roman civil/Admiralty jurisdiction.
6. BAILIFF
Aramaic/Hebrew:
ba’al — master, lord, possessor
Latin:
ballivus — steward, overseer
Modern Legal Meaning:
Court enforcer who protects the court’s interests and maintains possession over the PERSON.
7. CLERK
Aramaic/Hebrew:
sōfer — scribe, record-keeper
Greek/Latin:
clericus — cleric, priest
Modern Legal Meaning:
Official scribe whose written entries become the controlling legal record.
8. SUMMONS
Aramaic/Hebrew:
qeri’ah — a calling forth
Latin:
sub + monere — to warn under authority
Modern Legal Meaning:
Commercial invocation calling the PERSON into the court’s jurisdiction.
9. PLEA
Aramaic/Hebrew:
peh — mouth, declaration
Latin:
plicare — to fold, bind, weave
Modern Legal Meaning:
A binding verbal agreement forming the basis of surety and commercial obligation.
10. SURETY
Aramaic/Hebrew:
arav — one who guarantees or binds oneself for another
Latin:
securitas — state of being made safe through guarantee
Modern Legal Meaning:
The party (often YOU) who becomes financially responsible for the PERSON’s obligations.
11. BOND
Aramaic/Hebrew:
eser — binding pledge; obligation
Latin:
obligare — to tie, fasten, bind
Modern Legal Meaning:
A commercial security created by charges, pleas, and court orders.
12. DEFENDANT
Aramaic/Hebrew:
din — case, judgment, dispute
Latin:
defendere — to ward off, to submit to a claim
Modern Legal Meaning:
The party presumed liable unless the surety role is rebutted.
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The Etymology of the Courts
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