The IRS recognizes that taxpayers can organize their affairs to minimize taxes, as long as there is substance and compliance with the law. See the landmark case: Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 465 (1935) - courts allow “tax; avoidance” but not “tax evasion.”
❌: Tax Evasion / Fraud
IRC § 7201 – Attempt to evade or defeat tax
- States that anyone who willfully attempts to evade or defeat any tax imposed by the Internal Revenue Code is guilty of a felony.
- Penalties: up to $100,000 ($500,000 for corporations) fine, plus up to 5 years in prison.
IRC § 7206(1) – Fraud and false statements
- Makes it a crime to willfully make false statements on a tax return.
IRC § 7206(2) – Aiding and assisting
- Covers anyone who aids or assists in preparing a false return.
IRC § 6662 – Accuracy-related penalties
- Civil penalties for underpayment due to negligence or disregard of rules (20% of underpayment).
- § 6663 – Fraud penalty (75% of underpayment if intentional fraud is proven).
✅: Legal Tax Planning: The tax code permits taxpayers to structure transactions and timing to minimize taxes:
- IRC § 61 – Gross income definition; establishes what counts as taxable income. Planning can defer or exclude certain items legally.
- IRC § 162 – Business expenses; allows deductions for ordinary and necessary business expenses.
- IRC § 170 – Charitable contributions; permits deductions for qualified donations.
- IRC § 401, § 408, § 219 – Retirement contributions (401(k), IRA, etc.) reduce taxable income.
- IRC § 199A – Qualified Business Income deduction (20% for pass-through entities).
- IRC § 263A / § 167 / § 168 – Depreciation and cost recovery rules; allow legal acceleration of deductions.
- IRC § 7701(a)(3) / § 1361 – Entity classification rules (S-corp, LLC, partnership) for tax planning.
👩💻🍀Plan well enough and you might end up legally owing $0 in taxes. It starts with a tax plan. If this is you, I invite you to book a consult. You can do so here.