🧠 STATS MADE SIMPLE FOR THE EXAM
1️⃣ t-Test
Use when comparing 2 groups only.
Formula to remember:
👉 2 Groups = t-Test
Example:
Does therapist gender affect client self-esteem?
Groups:
  • Male therapist
  • Female therapist
Dependent Variable:
  • Client self-esteem
⚠️ Exam Tip
Statistical significance does NOT always mean practical importance.
2️⃣One-Way ANOVA
Use when comparing 3 or more groups.
Formula to remember:
👉 3+ Groups = ANOVA
Example: Therapist training level
Groups:
  • LPC (Master’s)
  • LSW (Master’s)
  • PhD Psychologist
Dependent Variable:
  • Client self-esteem
Result gives an F score.
3️⃣ Factorial ANOVA
Use when you have 2 or more independent variables.
Formula to remember:
👉 2+ IVs = Factorial ANOVA
Example:
Independent Variables
  • Therapist gender (2)
  • Therapist training (3)
Dependent Variable
  • Client self-esteem
This is called a 2 × 3 design.
Factorial ANOVA checks:
  • Gender effect
  • Training effect
  • Interaction effect
4️⃣
MANOVA
Use when you have multiple dependent variables.
Formula to remember:
👉 2+ DVs = MANOVA
Example:
Dependent Variables
  • Self-esteem
  • Locus of control
Independent Variables
  • Therapist gender
  • Therapist training
5️⃣ ANCOVA
Use when you need to control for pre-existing differences.
Formula to remember:
👉 Control a variable = ANCOVA
Example:
Women clients start therapy with higher self-esteem scores.
Researchers adjust scores statistically before comparing groups.
The variable being controlled = Covariate.
⭐ SUPER EASY MEMORY CHART (FOR EXAMS)
Test
When to Use
t-Test Compare 2 groups
One-Way ANOVA Compare 3+ groups
Factorial ANOVA 2+ independent variables
MANOVA 2+ dependent variables
ANCOVA Control a variable
🎯 EASY MNEMONIC
“Two, Three, Factors, Many, Control”
2 → t-test
3+ → ANOVA
Factors → Factorial ANOVA
Many outcomes → MANOVA
Control variable → ANCOVA
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Dr. Meka Butler
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🧠 STATS MADE SIMPLE FOR THE EXAM
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