🧠 1. Reliability Types – “TIC-CR” (think: “Ticket” 🎟️ = consistency) 2. Validity Types – “C3 = Content, Construct, Criterion” C3: - Content – Does it cover all areas? - Construct – Does it measure the concept? - Criterion – Does it predict or relate? Predictive Concurrent 👉 Meaning: Validity = accuracy (are we measuring what we think we are?) ⚖️ 3. Norm vs Criterion – “NORM = Others | CRITERION = Cutoff” - Norm-Referenced = compares to others - Criterion-Referenced = compares to a set standard 👉 Quick memory: - NORM = Normal group comparison - CRITERION = Criteria you must meet 📊 4. Standard Deviation – “SPREAD” - Measures how scores are spread out from the mean 👉 Think: - Small SD = scores close together - Large SD = scores spread out 🔢 5. Mean, Median, Mode – “MMM = Middle Matters Most” - Mean = average - Median = middle score - Mode = most frequent 👉 On skewed tests: - Median is usually the best measure 📉 6. Normal Curve Rule – “68–95–99.7 Rule” - 68% within 1 SD - 95% within 2 SD - 99.7% within 3 SD 👉 HIGHLY TESTED 🔥 7. Error Types – “RE = Random / Systematic” - Random Error = unpredictable (affects reliability) - Systematic Error = consistent bias (affects validity) 🎓 Exam Tip (This is GOLD) - Reliability = Consistency - Validity = Accuracy 👉 If a test is valid → it MUST be reliable👉 If it’s reliable → it is NOT always valid