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1. Reliability Types – “TIC-CR” (think: “Ticket” 🎟️ = consistency)
2. Validity Types – “C3 = Content, Construct, Criterion”
C3:
- Content – Does it cover all areas?
- Construct – Does it measure the concept?
- Criterion – Does it predict or relate? Predictive Concurrent
👉 Meaning: Validity = accuracy (are we measuring what we think we are?)
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3. Norm vs Criterion – “NORM = Others | CRITERION = Cutoff”
- Norm-Referenced = compares to others
- Criterion-Referenced = compares to a set standard
👉 Quick memory:
- NORM = Normal group comparison
- CRITERION = Criteria you must meet
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4. Standard Deviation – “SPREAD”
- Measures how scores are spread out from the mean
👉 Think:
- Small SD = scores close together
- Large SD = scores spread out
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5. Mean, Median, Mode – “MMM = Middle Matters Most”
- Mean = average
- Median = middle score
- Mode = most frequent
👉 On skewed tests:
- Median is usually the best measure
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6. Normal Curve Rule – “68–95–99.7 Rule”
- 68% within 1 SD
- 95% within 2 SD
- 99.7% within 3 SD
👉 HIGHLY TESTED
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7. Error Types – “RE = Random / Systematic”
- Random Error = unpredictable (affects reliability)
- Systematic Error = consistent bias (affects validity)
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Exam Tip (This is GOLD)
- Reliability = Consistency
- Validity = Accuracy
👉 If a test is valid → it MUST be reliable👉 If it’s reliable → it is NOT always valid