1d • General discussion
🔑 HIGH-YIELD NCE TERMS (With teaching explanations + exam cues)
🧠 HUMAN GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT (Very Testable)
1. Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature = genetics, heredity, biology
- Nurture = environment, learning, culture, experience EXAM TIP: If the question mentions genes, heredity, biology → Nature If it mentions family, trauma, culture, learning → Nurture
2. Genotype vs. Phenotype
- Genotype = what you’re born with (genetic code)
- Phenotype = how genes are expressed (what we see) EXAM TRICK: Environment can change phenotype, not genotype.
3. Plasticity
- Refers to the capacity for change across the lifespan
- Development is not fixed EXAM CUE: If a question suggests “people can change at any age” → Plasticity
4. Resilience
- Ability to adapt successfully despite adversity
- NOT absence of trauma COMMON NCE CONFUSION: Resilience ≠ coping skills Resilience = outcome over time
5. Self-Concept
- How a person perceives themselves
- Becomes: Concrete in childhood Abstract in adolescence EXAM TIP: Self-concept ≠ self-esteem (Self-esteem = value; self-concept = description)
6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Order matters on the NCE:
- Physiological
- Safety
- Love/Belonging
- Esteem
- Self-Actualization
EXAM RULE: 👉 You cannot work on higher needs if lower ones are unmet.
👶 DEVELOPMENTAL THEORISTS (ALWAYS TESTED)
7. Erikson – Psychosocial Development
Each stage = crisis + virtue
Example:
- Trust vs. Mistrust → Hope
- Identity vs. Role Confusion → Fidelity
EXAM SHORTCUT: If question mentions relationships + age + task, think Erikson
8. Piaget – Cognitive Development
Key exam pair:
- Assimilation = fit new info into old schema
- Accommodation = change schema to fit new info
EXAM CLUE: If child changes thinking → Accommodation
9. Kohlberg – Moral Development
- Pre-conventional → punishment/reward
- Conventional → rules & authority
- Post-conventional → principles & ethics
EXAM TIP: Most adults function at Conventional, NOT Post-conventional.
10. Bandura – Self-Efficacy
- Belief: “I can do this.”
- Increased by: Modeling Verbal persuasion Vicarious learning EXAM TRAP: Self-efficacy ≠ self-esteem
🧩 COUNSELING & HELPING RELATIONSHIPS
(Largest % of the NCE)
11. Therapeutic Alliance
- Collaborative counselor-client relationship
- Strong predictor of success EXAM ANSWER: If asked “what matters most early in counseling?” → Alliance
12. Empathy
- Accurate understanding of the client’s experience
- Not sympathy EXAM RULE: Empathy = reflecting meaning + feeling
13. Unconditional Positive Regard
- Acceptance without judgment
- Client-centered concept EXAM CUE: If counselor accepts client regardless of behavior → UPR
14. Congruence (Genuineness)
- Counselor is real and authentic COMMON TRICK: Being genuine ≠ oversharing
15. Transference
- Client projects feelings from past onto counselor Example: Client treats counselor like a parent
16. Countertransference
- Counselor’s unresolved issues interfere EXAM RULE: Correct response = seek supervision
17. Defense Mechanisms
- Unconscious anxiety-reducing strategies
Key ones to know:
- Repression – blocking awareness
- Projection – attributing to others
- Sublimation – channeling into healthy behavior
EXAM FAVORITE: Sublimation = only mature defense
👥 GROUP COUNSELING
18. Yalom’s Therapeutic Factors
Most tested:
- Universality
- Cohesion
- Catharsis
- Interpersonal learning
19. Universality
- “I’m not alone” EXAM TIP: Early group benefit = universality
20. Group Cohesion
- Sense of belonging
- Predicts positive outcomes
📊 ASSESSMENT & TESTING
21. Reliability
- Consistency Memory Hook: Reliable ≠ Valid
22. Validity
- Measures what it claims EXAM RULE: A test must be reliable to be valid
23. Standardization
- Same administration for everyone EXAM TIP: Standardization reduces bias
24. Mental Status Exam (MSE)
Snapshot of:
- Appearance
- Thought
- Mood/Affect
- Cognition
- Orientation
25. Biopsychosocial Assessment
- Bio + Psycho + Social EXAM FAVORITE: Holistic perspective
⚖️ ETHICS & PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
26. Confidentiality
- Ethical obligation
- Has limits
27. Duty to Warn / Protect
Triggered by:
- Identifiable victim
- Credible threat
28. Informed Consent
- Ongoing process
- Not just a form
29. Dual Relationships
- Risk of exploitation
- Not always unethical, but risky
30. Scope of Practice
- Work within competence EXAM RULE: Training + supervision = requirement
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🔑 HIGH-YIELD NCE TERMS (With teaching explanations + exam cues)
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