🎉 I am happy to share that we have added all the new stations to the 2025 examinations: 1. Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury 2. Post Posterior Triangle Biopsy🫁 Post-Carotid Endarterectomy Complications – CN X & XII🦴 3. Chest Trauma + Shoulder Injury – Clavicle + Rib Fractures 📚 Knowledge:(Critical Care) 1. Pituitary Tumour 2. Brainstem Death (Critical Care)

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Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a laboratory technique that uses antibodies to detect specific proteins (antigens) within cells in a tissue sample. by identifying specific molecules (markers) that distinguish between different types and subtypes of the disease. What it does: - IHC uses antibodies designed to bind to specific proteins (antigens) within a tissue sample.  - The antibody-antigen reaction is visualized using various methods, such as enzymes or fluorescent dyes, which allow pathologists to see where the target protein is located within the tissue.  - IHC is particularly useful in diagnosing cancers by identifying specific proteins that indicate the type and origin of the cancer.  How IHC performed : 1. Tissue preparation:Tissue samples are prepared and fixed (often with formalin) to preserve their structure. 2. Antigen retrieval:The fixation process can sometimes block the antigen sites, so antigen retrieval techniques may be used to expose them. Then it replaces on the slides.3. Antibody binding:Specific antibodies are applied to the tissue sample, and they bind to their corresponding antigens. 4. Visualization:An enzyme or fluorescent dye is used to visualize the antibody-antigen complex, making it visible under a microscope. IHC general applications: - Cancer diagnosis:IHC is widely used to differentiate between different types of cancer and to determine the most effective treatment.  - Research:It helps researchers study protein expression patterns and understand disease mechanisms.  - Other diagnostic applications:IHC can also be used to diagnose various other diseases and conditions by identifying specific proteins in tissues.