These are my notes maybe they will help someone
Capstone/NREMT study guide Thursday, September 18, 2025 9:55 AM 🔹 1. Airway, Respiration & Ventilation (18–22%) Adult Airway • Upper airway structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx • Lower airway: trachea → bronchi → alveoli • Techniques: head tilt–chin lift, jaw-thrust (if trauma) • Adjuncts: OPA (unconscious, no gag reflex), NPA (conscious or semi-conscious, no head injury) • Suctioning: no more than 15 sec adult, 10 sec child, 5 sec infant • Ventilation rates: ○ Adult: 1 breath every 5–6 sec (10–12/min) ○ With advanced airway during CPR: 1 breath every 6 sec (10/min) continuous compressions Pediatric Differences • Larger tongue, smaller airway diameter • Epiglottis is floppier and U-shaped • Narrowest point: cricoid cartilage (not vocal cords as in adults) • Higher oxygen demand → faster desaturation • Ventilation rates: ○ Child/Infant: 1 breath every 3–5 sec (12–20/min) • BVM size: infant, child, adult → always check chest rise 🔹 2. Cardiology & Resuscitation (20–24%) Adult • CPR: 30:2 compression to ventilation ratio (single rescuer, all ages) • Compression depth: 2–2.4 in (5–6 cm) • Rate: 100–120/min • AED: use ASAP • Shockable rhythms: VFib, pulseless VTach Pediatric • Compression depth: ○ Child: about 2 in (5 cm) ○ Infant: about 1.5 in (4 cm) • Two-rescuer CPR: 15:2 ratio • First line of cardiac arrest cause = respiratory failure, not cardiac disease (opposite of adults) 🔹 3. Trauma (14–18%) Bleeding • Arterial: bright red, spurting • Venous: dark red, steady flow • Capillary: oozing • Control: direct pressure → tourniquet if uncontrolled Shock • Early signs (peds): tachycardia, delayed cap refill, poor perfusion • Early signs (adults): restlessness, tachycardia, cool clammy skin • Late signs: hypotension, altered LOC Head & Spine Trauma • Cushing’s triad: bradycardia, hypertension, irregular respirations → ↑ ICP • Spinal precautions: C-collar + manual stabilization Chest Trauma • Tension pneumothorax: absent breath sounds, tracheal deviation, JVD, hypotension