Back to the $4.3M deal I posted 2 weeks ago, because there's a second lesson in it that's arguably bigger than the first. This business holds certifications that give it access to contracts most competitors simply cannot bid on. Those certifications are a genuine moat. They're a real part of why the business earns what it earns. They are also owner-dependent and non-transferable. Meaning: the day the owner sells, the certifications leave with him. The buyer inherits the revenue history but not the mechanism that produced it. So what is that business actually worth? Not the multiple you'd put on the trailing earnings. You have to separate the earnings into two piles — what survives the transfer and what doesn't — and value them completely differently. In some deals the certified revenue is worth close to zero to a buyer who can't recertify. This is the part of valuation that spreadsheets don't catch. SDE and EBITDA tell you what the business earned. They don't tell you what the business will keep earning under new ownership, and only the second number is what a buyer is really purchasing. The general form of this question, which applies to nearly every small business you'll ever look at: - What produces the revenue? - Does that thing transfer with the sale? - If not, what's left? Owner relationships. A personal license. A founder's reputation in a small town. A certification tied to the owner's status. All of it looks like enterprise value on a P&L. Some of it walks out the door at closing. Ask that question early and you'll price deals better than brokers with ten years on you.