As people who study economics usually know, when there is inflation, government sells bonds with competitive interest rate so banks would buy those bonds (or in another way of speaking, banks would save funds in government) for good future return. But this would create crowding out effect, meaning banks would raise lending rates (or cost of borrowing) for private firms, because banks see government bonds worth investing, much more than lending to private firms. As a result, private firms tend to borrow less and invest less, cooling down inflation. - Traditional crowding out: Government sells attractive bonds → banks buy them → lending rates rise → private firms face higher debt costs. - Mutualized economy (Nelson’s idea): Credit and risk are pooled across households, firms, and institutions. Banks and investors share exposure, so government borrowing does not automatically crowd out private investment: 1.Shared credit pools: Instead of each bank or firm bearing risk alone, credit is pooled. Households, firms, and institutions contribute to a common fund. 2.Risk mutualization: Losses or defaults are spread across the network, so no single lender or borrower carries the full burden. 3.Stable lending: Because risks are shared, banks don’t need to sharply raise lending rates when government borrows through selling attractive bonds. They can continue lending to private firms at manageable costs or lower lending rates. 4.Resilience: This system cushions shocks. The government debt doesn’t crowd out private investment as severely, since the “competition for funds” is softened by shared responsibility. In short - Mechanism: Because risks are mutualized, banks can hold government bonds and continue lending to firms without sharply raising rates. The “competition for funds” is softened. - Result: Crowding out is less severe; fiscal policy can coexist with private investment more smoothly.