@Brandon Gonsalves Correct answer: Increased cerebral vasoconstriction Hyperventilation • lowers IntraCranial Pressure (ICP) by inducing cerebral vasoconstriction with a decrease in cerebral blood volume. The cerebral vasoconstriction can also decrease cerebral blood flows to ischemic levels, which is the possible downside of hyperventilation. Hyperventilation will not cause a decrease in vasoconstriction. Normal or slowed respirations would more likely cause a decrease in vasoconstriction in cerebral arteries returning them closer to normal. Patients who are hyperventilated or breathing too fast will likely have an increased nitrogen content in their blood. This does nothing to affect intracranial pressure. Patients who are hyperventilated or hyperventilating have a decrease in blood carbon dioxide levels, not a decrease in blood nitrogen. Reference: Nancy Caroline's Emergency Care in the Streets Essentials Package, 9th Edition (ISBN 978-1284256741). Pg 348, 964, 1321.

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Correct answer: aVR Lead aVR is the only lead on the right side of the body utilized by the 12-lead electrocardiogram. It does not view any specific area of the heart but is useful when evaluating ST-segment elevation in some coronary syndromes such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. It is also useful when evaluating the cardiac function of patients with tricyclic antidepressant overdose and pericarditis. Lead aVL looks at the heart's lateral wall of the left ventricle. It is not located on the right side and does have a specific view of the heart. Lead I is a limb lead that along with aVL looks at the lateral wall of the left ventricle. Lead V4 is a precordial lead located between V3 and V5 on the left anterior chest. It is meant to evaluate the anterior wall of the left ventricle.

Correct answer: Atelectasis Sighing helps maintain pulmonary function by reopening alveoli that may begin to collapse, thereby preventing atelectasis, a condition where part or all of a lung collapses and air exchange is impaired. This reflex occasionally activates during normal breathing to increase lung volume and maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. Aspiration is prevented mainly by the structural function of the epiglottis and other airway reflexes, not sighing. Carbon dioxide retention results from hypoventilation and is not addressed by occasional sighs. Subcutaneous emphysema arises from air escaping into subcutaneous tissues, typically due to trauma or pneumothorax and has no relation to sighing reflexes. Reference: Nancy Caroline's Emergency Care in the Streets Essentials Package, 9th Edition (ISBN 978-1284256741). Pg 969, 1076, 1141.