AEMT Quizzes have been added to the classroom! To the medic students prepping for your NREMTP. That's a great place to practice more questions. A lot of material that you should know for your national as well.

How's your 12 lead knowledge? I've been hearing from a lot of students that these topics are a must know on your national. Bipolar Leads (Leads I, II, III) What they are: Measure electrical activity between two electrodes The 3 Bipolar Leads - Lead I → Right arm → Left arm - Lead II → Right arm → Left leg - Lead III → Left arm → Left leg What they show: - Frontal plane view of the heart High-Yield Associations - Lead II → most commonly used for rhythm monitoring - Leads II, III, aVF → inferior wall NREMT Pearl: Bipolar leads = limb-to-limb electrical comparison Augmented Leads (aVR, aVL, aVF) What they are: Measure electrical activity from one positive electrode looking toward the heart The Key Augmented Leads - aVF → looks at inferior wall - aVL → looks at lateral wall - aVR → generally not used for localization (but clinically important in some cases) High-Yield Associations - Inferior leads → II, III, aVF - High lateral leads → I, aVL NREMT Pearl: aVF = feet → inferior heart When to Check a V4R (Right-Sided ECG) Indication: Inferior STEMI Why? - Inferior MIs can involve the right ventricle What V4R tells you: - Confirms right ventricular infarction Why this matters Right-sided MI patients are: - Preload dependent Clinical Impact - ❌ Avoid nitrates (can cause severe hypotension) - ✔️ Give fluids to maintain preload NREMT Pearl: Inferior MI → check V4R before giving nitro Reciprocal Changes What they are: ST depression in leads opposite the area of infarction Why they matter: - Help confirm true STEMI - Increase diagnostic accuracy MUST KNOW PATTERNS Inferior MI - ST elevation: II, III, aVF - Reciprocal depression: I, aVL Lateral MI - ST elevation: I, aVL, V5, V6 - Reciprocal depression: II, III, aVF Posterior MI - V1–V3 depression = posterior involvement NREMT Pearl: ST elevation in one area → look for depression opposite Delta Wave What it is: Slurred upstroke at the beginning of the QRS complex

Causes of "Erythematous skin" Erythema = vasodilation/inflammation. On exams, they love pattern recognition: - Infectious: cellulitis, scarlet fever, meningococcemia (may start as erythema), & viruses - Allergic/immune: urticaria, anaphylaxis, contact dermatitis, drug eruptions - Heat/vasodilatory: heat illness, fever/flushing, sunburn - Toxicologic: CO exposure (classically “cherry red” is unreliable), niacin flush, anticholinergic vs sympathomimetic syndromes (often flushed) - Shock/inflammatory states: early sepsis (warm, flushed) - Autoimmune: lupus rash, dermatomyositis, vasculitis Pearl: Erythema + hypotension/wheeze/angioedema = anaphylaxis until proven otherwise.

An 18-year-old female is tachypneic and anxious following a verbal altercation. You note carpopedal spasms in her hands. What is the physiological cause of this condition?

In a patient with pneumonia, what clinical findings would you expect to hear during lung auscultation?